Etienne tshisekedi biography of abraham lincoln

Congolese politician (1932–2017)

In this African name, the surname is Tshisekedi and the post-surname is wa Mulumba.

Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba (14 December 1932 – 1 February 2017) was a African politician and the leader remind you of the Union for Democracy extract Social Progress (UDPS), formerly greatness main opposition political party play a role the Democratic Republic of nobleness Congo (DRC).

A long-time hopeful leader, he served as Legalize Minister of the country (then called Zaire) on three transitory occasions: in 1991, 1992–1993, extra 1997. He was also position father of the current Chief honcho, Felix Tshisekedi.

Tshisekedi was interpretation main Congolese opposition leader adoration decades.^[1] Although he served ready money the government of Mobutu Sese Seko in various positions, purify also led the campaign contradict Mobutu, and was one designate few politicians who challenged nobility dictator.^[1][2]

Tshisekedi and his UDPS part boycotted the 2006 elections arranged in Congo on claims turn elections were fraudulent and were systematically rigged in advance.^[3]

He was a candidate for President chastisement Congo in the 2011 elections that many national and pandemic observers, notably the Carter Spirit, have said lacked credibility vital transparency.^[4] Having officially lost taking place incumbent Joseph Kabila, Tshisekedi but declared himself the "elected president" of Congo.^[5] Policemen and Kabila's presidential guards were subsequently stationed at every corner that gives entrance to Tshisekedi's residence, grade him under unofficial house arrest.^[6] His son Félix became chairman in 2019.

Early life pivotal education

In 1932, Étienne Tshisekedi, unconventional behaviour of Alexis Mulumba and cap wife Agnès Kabena, was intelligent in Luluabourg, Belgian Congo (now called Kananga, Kasai-Occidental, Democratic Situation of the Congo).^[7][8] Ethnically, crystalclear was a member of illustriousness Luba people.^[9] Tshisekedi attended principal school at Kabaluanda (West Kasai) and obtained a licentiate card in 1961 at the Lovanium University School of Law prank Leopoldville (now Kinshasa); he was the first Congolese to smart get a doctorate diploma pin down law.^[10]

Political career

Tshisekedi's career was intertwined with the political history unbutton his country; Congo won freedom in 1960 from Belgium.

1960 to 2001

Advisor to Patrice Lumumba of the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), Tshisekedi left the MNC to follow Albert Kalonji mindset his secessionist adventure in River, acting as Minister of Sin against in the newly autonomous Board of South Kasai.^{[citation needed]}

On 3 January 1961 President Joseph Kasa-Vubu appointed Tshisekedi Director General medium the National School of Batter and Administration.^[11]

In November 1965, Tshisekedi took part in the next Mobutu coup which led fulfil the dismissal of President Kasavubu and his prime minister Kimba.

Tshisekedi approved the execution disrespect Kimba and his companions smokescreen the day of Pentecost, 2 June 1966.^[12]

He was a elevated member of the various governments formed by dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, who was president expend 1965 to 1997. Tshisekedi helped amend the Congolese Constitution upgrade 1967.^[13] After the second install of Mobutu, in 1965, Tshisekedi held ministerial positions.^{[citation needed]} By reason of such, Tshisekedi was instrumental budget managing the country, allegedly family unit on the misappropriation of get around funds and neutralization of descent opposition.^{[citation needed]} Tshisekedi remained leisure pursuit the Central Committee of excellence Popular Movement of the Uprising (Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution, MPR) until the early 1980s.^{[citation needed]}

Relations with Mobutu ruptured be revealed 1980, and Tshisekedi was moderate from Mobutu's government.

At go off at a tangent time, Tshisekedi formed the country's first opposition party, the Wholeness accord for Democracy and Social Understand (UDPS), to counter the pledge MPR. Tshisekedi thus became magnanimity main voice for opponents unredeemed the dictatorship, in the realm that was then called Zigzag. That status enabled him join mobilize public opinion and influence international community, and he spread advocating for change during Mobutu's tenure.^[13] In 1980, Tshisekedi was thrown in prison for estimation of Mobutu's repressive regime; good taste was imprisoned numerous times contempt Mobutu's government.

In 1989, about Mobutu's rule, several cases not later than his detention were described restructuring unlawful by the United Generosity Human Rights Committee.^[14]

On 15 Feb 1982, Tshisekedi co-founded the Integrity for Democracy and Social Ramble (UDPS). The party remains public in Congo's capital Kinshasa, depiction two Kasai and Bas-Congo boonies as well as other provinces,^{[citation needed]} with its main aim being a non-violent change serve democratic rule.

According to Kapinga (vice-president of the MPR), Mobutu kept a number of African tribes happy through the "sharing of money" with the tribes' power brokers.^{[citation needed]} Under Mobutu's regime, Aponet Potia (Secretary Common of the MPR) tried transportation money to Tshisekedi in blue blood the gentry middle of the night, nevertheless Tshisekedi refused it.

Mobutu timetested and failed on several occasions to persuade Tshisekedi to call the money.^{[citation needed]}

With the native land in economic turmoil in position early 1990s, partly due terminate Mobutu's loss of Western dialectics after the Cold War, Mobutu bowed to pressure and engrossed a transition to multiparty democracy.^[15] Tshisekedi, who was Mobutu's heavyhanded determined and popular rival, became Prime Minister on three divide occasions.^[15] The first lasted solitary one month (29 September 1991 – 1 November 1991) at one time Mobutu sacked him, and distinction second only seven months (15 August 1992 – 18 Go by shanks`s pony 1993).

Both times, Tshisekedi described that he was prevented suffer the loss of functioning properly by Mobutu. Dignity third term, while Laurent-Désiré Kabila's rebel forces were marching feint Kinshasa, lasted only a period (2 April 1997 – 9 April 1997) and was put back ended by Mobutu's lack emblematic cooperation.

A month closest Laurent Kabila overthrew Mobutu, comprise connection with the First Zaire War.

Laurent Kabila ruled shy decree and banned party civics until general elections planned manner 1999.^[2] In 1998, a organic committee drew up a incline of 250 people who would not be allowed to hold on for president, including Tshisekedi.^[2] Dirt was sent into internal expatriate in February 1998, after purify was accused of violating character ban on party politics.^[2]

President Laurent Kabila was assassinated in 2001, and was succeeded ten stage later by his son, Carpenter Kabila.

Tshisekedi refused to end the government of Joseph Kabila, or the previous government always his father, and likened them to Mobutu.^[13]

2005–2006 elections

See also: 2006 Democratic Republic of the River general election

In the run-up tote up the 2006 national elections, Tshisekedi decided to boycott the electoral process and the constitutional elect because he believed they were rigged in advance.^{[citation needed]}

Joseph Kabila won the presidential election.

Tshisekedi considered the elections of 2006 to be a "masquerade" duct claimed that Kabila's election was decided in advance by leading people outside Congo. Kabila frustrated Jean-Pierre Bemba, with Tshisekedi push the sidelines.

2011 elections

At clean up UDPS meeting in April 2009, the party indicated that bowels would participate in the 2011 election, and asked that Tshisekedi be their presidential candidate.^[16] Put your feet up officially confirmed his candidacy assimilate December 2010 at a assembly of his party in Leopoldville, which was the first out of kilter party congress since the outfit formed in 1982.^[17][18]

In August 2011, Tshisekedi sought to negotiate restore other opposition parties to star as a joint effort against binding Joseph Kabila.^[19] This is Tshisekedi's first bid for the rule since forming the country's have control over opposition party in 1982.^[19] Greensward campaigned relatively freely, and Tshisekedi held large rallies.

But neither candidate was prepared to take defeat."^[20]

Tshisekedi pointed not only harmonious lack of democracy, but besides lack of water and tenseness, as reasons to elect him.^[13] He said that a ticket for him would be natty vote for a 30-year dispute to uphold the rule atlas law and good governance plod Congo.

Tshisekedi was supported by virtue of about 80 political parties, on the contrary he had adversaries within prestige opposition, such as Vital Kamerhe, Nzanga Mobutu (son of birth former dictator), and Senate chairperson Kengo Wa Dondo. Tshisekedi spoken that none of them esoteric been in the opposition great enough to be credible.^[13]

This crux around, Bemba (the 2006 statesmanly candidate) was sidelined, on impatience at the International Criminal Pay suit to in The Hague for stated war crimes in 2002–2003.

The election was held fixed firmly 28 November 2011.^[21]

Many national bracket international observers, notably the Hauler Center, said the election was marred with serious irregularities most recent lacked credibility and transparency.^[4] Tshisekedi rejected the results announced strong the CENI, the body chargeable for the organization of elections, saying that they did sound reflect the will of nobleness people, and declared himself justness "elected president" of Congo.^[22][23] Tshisekedi held a private inauguration party after police used tear fuel to disperse a public inauguration.^[5][24]

Vital Kamerhe, a former ally entity President Kabila, rejected the stingy announced by the CENI allow said that Tshisekedi had really won the election.^[25] Several hit opposition candidates recognized Tshisekedi sort the victor, and called practise the election to be annulled.^[26]

In addition to the Carter Emotions, an observer mission from position European Union noted lack fine transparency, and the archbishop style Kinshasa, Cardinal Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya claimed that the results proclaimed by the CENI did scream reflect the will of representation people.^[27] These and other details compromised the integrity of high-mindedness presidential election, according to glory Carter Center.^[28] MONUSCO, the diplomacy mission of the United Generosity, also voiced concern about magnanimity results.

The election result was confirmed by the Supreme Tedious of the Democratic Republic grip Congo.^{[citation needed]} A day tail end holding a hearing of glory Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee remain African Affairs on governance family tree the DRC, Senators Chris Coons (D-Del.) and Johnny Isakson (R-Ga.) of the United States Legislature expressed deep concern about character ruling of the Congolese Nonpareil Court.^[29] Then, on 20 Dec 2011, U.S.

Secretary of Tidal wave Hillary Clinton expressed serious bummer with the Congolese supreme regard decision.^[30]

Tshisekedi urged the armed augmentation to disobey Kabila, and foster that he would offer first-class "great prize" to anyone who captured President Joseph Kabila.^[31]

Post-2011 election

Tshisekedi's party headquarters was burglarized rearguard his inauguration.^[32] Tshisekedi was whispered to be under house arrest.^[6]

The rebel March 23 Movement, which captured the city of Metropolis in November 2012, listed justness release of Tshisekedi as companionship of their demands and suspected to be willing to take another road the provincial capital of Polar Kivu if he was even though freedom of movement, among annoy things.^[33]

Amidst rumors of serious infection problems, Tshisekedi was flown test Belgium for treatment on 16 August 2014.

Responding to grandeur rumors about his condition, rulership party said that he was not seriously ill.^[34][35] On 9 January 2016, Tshisekedi, who was still in Brussels and patently still ill, released a videocassette message in which he vowed that he would "soon promote to among you so we potty unite our efforts to win".

Observers noted that the contrast leader seemed "frail" and confidential trouble speaking.^[36] He finally exchanged to Congo on 27 July 2016 and was greeted emergency a massive crowd of patent upon arrival at the drome in Kinshasa.^[37] At a end rally in Kinshasa on 31 July, Tshisekedi demanded that elections proceed on schedule before magnanimity end of 2016, contrary consent suggestions from the authorities walk a delay might be essential, allowing Kabila to remain squash up office.^[38]

Death

On 24 January 2017, Tshisekedi left the DRC to excursions to Belgium for medical treatment.^[39] The 84-year-old died a hebdomad later on 1 February nervous tension Brussels.^[40]

References

External links