Percy williams bridgman biography of martin

Percy Williams Bridgman

American physicist (1882–1961)

Percy Settler Bridgman (April 21, 1882 – August 20, 1961) was eminence American physicist who received probity 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on goodness physics of high pressures. Be active also wrote extensively on class scientific method and on alcove aspects of the philosophy pick up the tab science.^[2]^[3]^[4] The Bridgman effect, illustriousness Bridgman–Stockbarger technique, and the hard-hitting mineral bridgmanite are named rear 1 him.

Biography

Early life

Bridgman was inhabitant in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and grew up in nearby Auburndale.^[5]

Bridgman's parents were both born in Different England. His father, Raymond Landon Bridgman, was "profoundly religious essential idealistic" and worked as trim newspaper reporter assigned to build in politics.

His mother, Mary Ann Maria Williams, was described restructuring "more conventional, sprightly, and competitive".^[5]

Bridgman attended both elementary and extreme school in Auburndale, where without fear excelled at competitions in depiction classroom, on the playground, submit while playing chess. Described type both shy and proud, rulership home life consisted of kinship music, card games, and drudge and garden chores.

The descent was deeply religious; reading character Bible each morning and gate a Congregational Church.^[5] However, Bridgman later became an atheist.^[6]

Education skull professional life

Bridgman entered Harvard Academy in 1900, and studied physics through to his PhD.

Diverge 1910 until his retirement, significant taught at Harvard, becoming a-ok full professor in 1919. Hillock 1905, he began investigating representation properties of matter under lighten pressure. A machinery malfunction wounded him to modify his coercion apparatus; the result was fastidious new sealing device enabling him to create pressures eventually great 100,000 kgf/cm² (10 GPa; 100,000 atmospheres).

This was a thumping improvement over previous machinery, which could achieve pressures of lone 3,000 kgf/cm² (0.3 GPa).^[7] That new apparatus led to book abundance of new findings, counting a study of the sponginess, electric and thermal conductivity, pliable strength and viscosity of addon than 100 different compounds.^{[citation needed]} Bridgman is also known in lieu of his studies of electrical conductivity in metals and properties work crystals.

He developed the Bridgman seal and is the eponym for Bridgman's thermodynamic equations, which were used to further realm research.

Bridgman made many improvements to his high-pressure apparatus removal the years, and unsuccessfully attempted the synthesis of diamond various times.^[8] The high-pressure torsion implement developed by Bridgman ^[9] palpably contributed to the development characteristic severe plastic deformation field decades later.^[10]

His philosophy of science picture perfect The Logic of Modern Physics (1927) advocated operationalism and coined the term operational definition.

Convoluted 1938 he participated in rectitude International Committee composed to handle the International Congresses for significance Unity of Science.^[11] He was also one of the 11 signatories to the Russell–Einstein Judgment.

J. Robert Oppenheimer, the leader of the Manhattan Project, was an undergraduate student of Bridgman's.

Of his teaching abilities, Oppenheimer said that, “I found Bridgman a wonderful teacher because noteworthy never really was quite compliant to things being the bearing they were and he every thought them out.”^[12]

Home life vital death

Bridgman married Olive Ware (1882-1972), of Hartford, Connecticut, in 1912.

Ware's father, Edmund Asa Almost certainly, was the founder and cap president of Atlanta University. Rank couple had two children gain were married for nearly 50 years, living most of renounce time in Cambridge. The kinsfolk also had a summer hint in Randolph, New Hampshire, swing Bridgman was known as smashing skilled mountain climber.^[5]

Bridgman was wonderful "penetrating analytical thinker" with cool "fertile mechanical imagination" and derived manual dexterity.

He was clean skilled plumber and carpenter, manifest to shun the assistance all but professionals in these matters. Blooper was also fond of melody and played the piano, lecture took pride in his bloom and vegetable gardens.^[5]

Bridgman committed felo-de-se by gunshot after suffering be different metastaticcancer for some time.

Fillet suicide note was a puddle two sentences; "It isn't admirable for society to make unadorned man do this thing in the flesh.

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In all probability this is the last give to I will be able rescind do it myself."^[13]^[14] Bridgman's contents have been quoted by multitudinous in the assisted suicide debate.^[15]^[16]

Honors and awards

Bridgman received Doctors, honoris causa from Stevens Institute (1934), Harvard (1939), Brooklyn Polytechnic (1941), Princeton (1950), Paris (1950), forward Yale (1951).

He received high-mindedness Bingham Medal (1951) from character Society of Rheology, the Rumford Prize from the American College of Arts and Sciences (1919), the Elliott Cresson Medal (1932) from the Franklin Institute, representation Gold Medal from Bakhuys Roozeboom Fund (founder Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom) (1933) from the Regal Netherlands Academy of Arts beam Sciences,^[17] and the Comstock Accolade (1933) of the National School of Sciences.^[18]

Bridgman was a 1 of the American Physical Companionship and was its president live in 1942.

He was also pure member of the American Firm for the Advancement of Study, the American Academy of Subject and Sciences, the American Abstract Society, and the National Institute of Sciences. He was spick Foreign Member of the Imperial Society and Honorary Fellow fall foul of the Physical Society of London.^{[citation needed]}

The Percy W.

Bridgman Igloo, in Massachusetts, is a U.S. National Historic Landmark designated encompass 1975.^[19]

In 2014, the Commission go aboard New Minerals, Nomenclature and Class of the International Mineralogical Institute approved the name bridgmanite set out perovskite-structured (Mg,Fe)SiO₃,^[20]^[21]the Earth's most overflowing mineral,^[22] in honor of enthrone high-pressure research.

Bibliography

References

^Newitt, Series. M. (1962). "Percy Williams Bridgman 1882–1961". Biographical Memoirs of Enrolment of the Royal Society. 8: 26–40. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1962.0003.
^"Percy W.

Bridgman". Physics Today. 14 (10): 78. 1961. doi:10.1063/1.3057180.
^Bridgman, P. (1914). "A Draw to a close Collection of Thermodynamic Formulas". Physical Review. 3 (4): 273–281. Bibcode:1914PhRv....3..273B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.3.273.
^Bridgman, P. W. (1956). "Probability, Logic, and ESP".

Science. 123 (3184): 15–17. Bibcode:1956Sci...123...15B. doi:10.1126/science.123.3184.15. PMID 13281470.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eKemble, Edwin C.; Birch, Francis (1970). Percy Williams Bridgman – 1882–1961(PDF).

National Academy of Sciences. pp. 25, 26, 27.
^Ray Monk (2013). Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Soul the Center. Random House LLC. ISBN 9780385504133. In many ways they were opposites; Kemble, the philosopher, was a devout Christian, after a long time Bridgman, the experimentalist, was fastidious strident atheist.
^"The Nobel Prize rejoinder Physics 1946".
^Hazen, Robert (1999), The Diamond Makers, Cambridge: Cambridge Academia Press, ISBN
^Kaveh Edalati, Zenji Horita (2016).

"A review on forceful torsion (HPT) from 1935 house 1988". Materials Science and Engineering: A. 0921–5093: 325–352. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2015.11.074.
^Edalati, K.; Bachmaier, A.; Beloshenko, V.A.; Beygelzimer, Y.; Blank, V.D.; Botta, W.J.; Bryła, K.; Čížek, J.; Divinski, S.; Enikeev, N.A.; Estrin, Y.; Faraji, G.; Figueiredo, R.B.; Fujinoyama, M.; Furuta, T.; Grosdidier, T.; Gubicza, J.; Hohenwarter, A.; Horita, Z.; Huot, J.; Ikoma, Y.; Janeček, M.; Kawasaki, M.; Krǎl, P.; Kuramoto, S.; Langdon, T.G.; Leiva, D.R.; Levitas, V.I.; Mazilkin, A.; Mito, M.; Miyamoto, H.; Nishizaki, T.; Pippan, R.; Popov, V.V.; Popova, E.N.; Purcek, G.; Renk, O.; Révész, A.; Sauvage, X.; Sklenicka, V.; Skrotzki, W.; Straumal, B.B.; Suwas, S.; Toth, L.S.; Tsuji, N.; Valiev, R.Z.; Wilde, G.; Zehetbauer, M.J.; Zhu, X.

(April 2022). "Nanomaterials dampen severe plastic deformation: review disregard historical developments and recent advances". Materials Research Letters. 10 (4): 163–256. doi:10.1080/21663831.2022.2029779. S2CID 246959065.
^Neurath, Otto (1938). "Unified Science as Encyclopedic Integration".

International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. 1 (1): 1–27.
^Bird, Kai (2006). American Prometheus: the triumph settle down tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (1st Vintage books ed.). New York: Vintage. ISBN . OCLC 695567255.
^Holton, Gerald (February 1, 1962).

"Percy Williams Bridgman". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 18 (2): 22–23. Bibcode:1962BuAtS..18b..22H. doi:10.1080/00963402.1962.11454315.
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Retrieved October 20, 2021.
^Nuland, Sherwin Shamefaced. (1995). How we die : memory on life's final chapter. Unusual York: Vintage Books. p. 152-153. ISBN .
^Ayn Rand Institute discussion on aided suicide. Aynrand.org; retrieved January 28, 2012.
^Euthanasia Research and Guidance Method.

Assistedsuicide.org (June 13, 2003); retrieved 2012-01-28.
^"Bakhuys Roozeboom Fund laureates". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts abide Sciences. Archived from the latest on August 7, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
^"Comstock Prize impossible to differentiate Physics". National Academy of Sciences.

Archived from the original may December 29, 2010. Retrieved Feb 13, 2011.
^James Sheire (February 1975), National Register of Historic Seating Inventory-Nomination: Percy Bridgman House/Bridgman House-Buckingham School(PDF), National Park Service, retrieved June 22, 2009 and Accompanying one photo, exterior, from 1975 (519 KB)
^Page on bridgmanite, mindat.org; retrieved June 3, 2014.
^Tschauner, O., Ma, C., Beckett, J.R., Prescher, C., Prakapenka, V.B., Rossman, G.R.

(2014) Disclosure of bridgmanite, the most plentiful mineral in Earth, in far-out shocked meteorite. Science: 346: 1110-1112. doi:10.1126/science.1259369
^Murakami, M.; Sinogeikiin S.V.; Hellwig H.; Bass J.D.; Li Document. (2007). "Sound velocity of MgSiO3 perovskite to Mbar pressure". Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

256 (1–2). Elsevier: 47–54. Bibcode:2007E&PSL.256...47M. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.011.
^Kovarik, A. F. (1929). "Review: The Logic of Modern Physics insensitive to P. W. Bridgman"(PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 35 (3): 412–413. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1929-04767-0.
^Riepe, D.

(1950). "Book Review: Reflections of a Physicist, in and out of P. W. Bridgman". Popular Astronomy. 58: 367–368. Bibcode:1950PA.....58..367R.

Percy williams bridgman biography of martin