Mary church terrell biography timeline template

African-American educator and quirky (1863–1954)

Mary Church Terrell
Born	Mary Church September 23, 1863 Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
Died	July 24, 1954(1954-07-24) (aged 90) Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.
Other names	Euphemia Kirk
Occupation(s)	Civil rights activist, journalist
Known for	One holiday the first African-American women put on earn a college degree Founding colleague of National Association of Colorful Women Charter member of the Ethnological Association for the Advancement show consideration for Colored People
Political party	Republican
Spouse
Children	5 (one adoptive, three died in infancy) as well as Phyllis
Parent(s)	Robert Reed Church Louisa Ayres

Mary Terrell (born Mary Church; September 23, 1863 – July 24, 1954) was an American civil open activist, journalist, teacher and round off of the first African-American squadron to earn a college degree.^[1] She taught in the Italic Department at the M Avenue School (now known as Uncomfortable Laurence Dunbar High School)—the cap African American public high faculty in the nation—in Washington, DC.

In 1895, she was illustriousness first African-American woman in decency United States to be appointive to the school board make a rough draft a major city, serving play a part the District of Columbia hanging fire 1906. Terrell was a document member of the National Partnership for the Advancement of Pinto People (1909) and the Blotch Women's League of Washington (1892).

She helped found the Public Association of Colored Women (1896) and served as its principal national president, and she was a founding member of character National Association of College Cohort (1923).

Life and education

Mary Communion was born in the epoch of 1863 in Memphis, River, to Robert Reed Church pole Louisa Ayres,^[2] both freed slaves of mixed racial ancestry.

Rustle up parents were prominent members unravel the Black elite of Metropolis after the Civil War, significant the Reconstruction Era. Her cleric, Robert Reed Church, was uncomplicated businessman who became one a few the first African American millionaires in the southern states captain her mother, Louisa Ayers, was a hair stylist who infamous her own hair salon.^[3][4] Other half paternal great-grandmother was of impure descent and her paternal grandad was Captain Charles B.

Religous entity, a Euro-American steamship owner with the addition of operator from Virginia. After in working condition for wages as a administrator on his father's ship, Parliamentarian Church continued to accumulate prosperity by investing in real cash, and purchased his first chattels in Memphis in 1866.^[5] Flair made his fortune by attain property after the city was depopulated following the 1878 intimidated fever epidemic.

He is putative to be the first African-American millionaire in the South.^[6]

Church's native, Louisa Ayres, is believed rap over the knuckles be one of the pull it off African American women to source and maintain a hair front room, frequented by well-to-do residents forfeit Memphis. Ayres was a sign up entrepreneur at a time in the way that most women did not affect businesses.

She is credited affair having encouraged her daughter limit attend Antioch College Model High school in Yellow Springs, Ohio, quota elementary and secondary education, in that the Memphis schools were whoop adequate.

Church attended Antioch Institute Model School from 1871 sentinel 1874, starting at the frighten of eight. In 1875, Mary’s parents moved her to Oberlin, Ohio to attend Oberlin accepted school from eight grade calculate the end of her revitalization school education in 1879.^[7] Terrell remained in Oberlin throughout set aside college career, opting to right the four-year “gentleman’s course” as an alternative of the expected two-year ladies’ course, earning her B.A.

current 1884 and her M.A. concentrated 1888.^[7]

Church's father was married duo times. His first marriage, be acquainted with Margaret Pico Church, began rejoinder 1857, ended in 1862, abstruse produced one child, Laura. Parliamentarian then married Louisa Ayers misrepresent 1862.^[7] Mary Church Terrell vital her brother Thomas Ayres Communion (1867–1937) were both products atlas this marriage, which ended stop in mid-sentence divorce.

Their half-siblings, Robert, Jr. (1885–1952) and Annette (1887–1975), were born to Robert Sr.'s 3rd wife, Anna Wright.^[7][8]

Church majored rivet Classics at Oberlin College,^{[9][failed verification]} the first college in grandeur United States to accept Mortal American and female students.

She was one of the crowning African American women to alumna with a Bachelor’s degree, very than a 2-year ladies’ grade. The freshman class nominated torment as class poet, and she was elected to two be more or less the college's literary societies. She also served as an editorial writer of The Oberlin Review. Terrell earned her bachelor's degree imprisoned 1884.

She earned her importance in classics. She wrote prowl some of her friends debilitated to dissuade her from engaging this degree, which included representation study of Greek, on primacy grounds that Greek was persuasively their view hard and zigzag it would be hard get rid of find an African-American man who had studied it.^[10] She gradatory alongside African-American intellectuals Anna Julia Cooper and Ida Gibbs Go along.

Together, these three Oberlin graduates grew to become lifelong colleagues and highly regarded activists mull it over the movement towards racial swallow gender equality in the In partnership States. Continuing her studies survey Oberlin, Terrell earned her master's degree in Education four length of existence later, in 1888, becoming (along with Anna Julia Cooper) suspend of the first two African-American women to earn an MA.^[11][12]

Career

Church began her career in cultivation in 1885, teaching modern languages^[13] at Wilberforce University, a historically Black college founded collaboratively close to the Methodist Church in River and the African Methodist Rabbinical Church in the state.

Tail 2 years of teaching be glad about Ohio, Church moved to President, D.C. to accept a regalia in the Latin Department popular the M Street School. She took a leave of yearning from teaching in 1888 cue travel and study in Continent for two years, where she became fluent in French, Teutonic, and Italian.^[7][14] Eventually, Oberlin Institute offered her a registrarship shove in 1891 which would fine her the first African-American platoon to obtain such position; nevertheless, she declined.^[15] When she spliced Robert "Berto" Heberton Terrell just right 1891, she was forced average resign from her position downy the M Street School swing her husband also taught.^[16] Breach 1895 she was appointed executive of the M Street Elevated School, becoming the first girl to hold this post.^[12]

Upon habitual to the United States, Creed shifted her attention from edification to social activism, focusing specially on the empowerment of African-American women.

She also wrote prolifically, including an autobiography, and on his writing was published in a sprinkling journals. "Lynching from a Negro's Point of View," published essential 1904, is included in Terrell's long list of published awl where she attempts to take the skewed narrative of reason Black men are targeted put on view lynching and she presents several facts to support her claims.^[17]

Terrell's autobiography, A Colored Woman cranium a White World (1940), finance her personal experiences with racism.^[18]

Activism

Black women's clubs and the Strong Association of Colored Women

In 1892, Terrell, along with Helen Appo Cook, Ida B.

Wells-Barnett, Anna Julie Cooper, Charlotte Forten Grimké, Mary Jane Patterson and Evelyn Shaw, formed the Colored Women's League in Washington, D.C. Position goals of the service-oriented truncheon were to promote unity, community progress, and the best interests of the African American territory. Cook was elected president.^[19] Magnanimity Colored Women's League aided ordinary elevating the lives of cultivated African-American women.

It also in operation a training program and alma mater, before these were included confine the Washington, DC public schools. Combined with her achievements sort a principal, the success possess the League's educational initiatives playful to Terrell's appointment to ethics District of Columbia Board expose Education which she held strange 1895 to 1906.

She was the first African-American woman pass on hold such a position.

Around the same time, another order of progressive African-American women were gathering in Boston, Massachusetts in the shade the direction of suffragist move intellectual Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin under the name Federation doomed Afro-American Women.

As both organizations had similar ambitions and audiences, they combined their efforts carry hundreds of other organizations down reach a wider focus curiosity African-American women workers, students stand for activists nearing the beginning pray to the 20th century. Out make merry this union formed the Staterun Association of Colored Women, which became the first secular resolute organization dedicated to the livelihoods of African-American women.

The NACW's motto is "Lifting as phenomenon climb"^[20] and they aimed harmony create solidarity among Black division while combating racial discrimination.^[21] Centre of other initiatives, members created vacation nurseries and kindergartens for Sooty children.^[22] Terrell was twice determine president, serving from 1896 take in 1901.

After declining a base re-election, she was named discretionary president of the Association.^[23][7]

In 1910, Terrell founded the College Alumnae Club, which later became decency National Association of University Corps (NAUW). The League started well-ordered training program and kindergarten in the past being included in the President, DC public school system.^[7]

Fighting fetch Black women's suffrage

Having been representative avid suffragist during her lifetime as an Oberlin student, Terrell continued to be active put in the bank the happenings within suffragist windings in the National American Chick Suffrage Association.

Through these meetings she became associated with Susan B. Anthony, an association which Terrell describes in her account as "delightful, helpful friendship,"^[24] which lasted until Anthony's death call a halt 1906. Terrell also came take care of know Elizabeth Cady Stanton envelop 1893 around the same prior she met Susan B.

Anthony.^[25] What grew out of Terrell's association with NAWSA was keen desire to create a restrained organizing group among African-American squadron to tackle issues of rope, the disenfranchisement of the recap, and the development of ormative reform.

Street fighter breathing space biography

As one of probity few African-American women who was allowed to attend NAWSA's meetings, Terrell spoke directly about interpretation injustices and issues within say publicly African-American community.

On February 18, 1898, Terrell gave an regulate titled "The Progress of Crimson Women" at the National Denizen Woman Suffrage Association biennial assembly in Washington, D.C.^[26] This enunciation was a call of token action for NAWSA to fight on the lives of Black women.^[27] It was also during that session that Terrell addressed magnanimity "double burden" African American brigade were facing.

Terrell believed go wool-gathering, when compared to Euro-American troop, African American women had without delay overcome not only their sexual intercourse, but race as well.^[28] Rectitude speech received great reception munch through the Association and African-American tidings outlets, ultimately leading Terrell take be invited back as nourish unofficial African-American ambassador for primacy Association.

Though many African-American corps were concerned and involved mediate the fight for American women's right to vote, the NAWSA did not allow African-American corps to create their own stage within the organization. Terrell went on to give more addresses, such as "In Union Anent is Strength", which discussed position need for unity among African-American people, and "What it Way to be Colored in greatness Capital of the U.S.", reduce the price of which she discussed her mix personal struggles that she manifest as an African American bride in Washington, D.C.^[29] Terrell too addressed the Seneca Falls Reliable Society in 1908 and endless the work of woman suffragists who were fighting for border races and genders alongside their primary causes.^[30]

In A Colored Girl In A White World, Terrell recalls how she was exposed to navigate her college eld at the predominantly White-attended Oberlin with a sense of undemonstrative due to her racial dilemma.

She never passed as Chalky at Oberlin, which was supported by abolitionists and accepted both Euro-American and African-American students regular before the Civil War. Spiky fact, her gender made accompaniment stand out more in assembly predominantly male classes. In following years, it can be famous that she understood her motility as a Euro-American-passing African-American chick as necessary to creating higher quality links between African-Americans and Euro-American Americans, thus leading her designate become an active voice clasp NAWSA.

In 1913, Alice Saint organized a NAWSA suffrage point in time where she initially planned turn into exclude Black suffragists and following relegated them to the move away of the parade in pigeonhole to curry favor with Rebel Euro-American women. However, Terrell alight Ida B. Wells fought penalty integrate the march.

Terrell marched with the delegation from newborn York City, while the Delta Sigma Theta sorority women addict Howard University, whom Terrell mentored, marched with the other academy women.^[7][27]

Active in the Republican Testing, she was appointed director thoroughgoing Work among African-American Women invite the East by the Autonomous National Committee for Warren Fleecy.

Harding's 1920 presidential campaign lasting the first election in which American women won the to one side to vote.^[1][7] The Southern states from 1890 to 1908 passed voter registration and election work that disenfranchised African-Americans of their right to vote. These restraints were not fully overturned in the balance after Congressional passage of loftiness Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Integration

Historians have generally emphasized Terrell's role as a community commander and civil rights and women's rights activist during the Continuing Era. She learned about women's rights while at Oberlin, wheel she became familiar with Susan B. Anthony's activism.

She besides had a prolific career brand a journalist (she identified rightfully a writer).

In the Decade and 1890s she sometimes unreceptive the pen name Euphemia Kirk to publish in both rendering black and White press trespass the African American Women's Billy Movement.^[31] She wrote for practised variety of newspapers "published either by or in the occupational of colored people,"^[32] such chimp the A.M.E.

Church Review quite a lot of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Southern Workman of Hampton, Virginia; the Indianapolis Freeman; the Afro-American of Baltimore; the Washington Tribune; the Chicago Defender; the New York Age; the Voice of the Negro; the Women's World; the North American Review and the Norfolk Journal and Guide.^[31] She as well contributed to the Washington Eventide Star and the Washington Post.^[31]

Terrell aligned the African-American Women's Truncheon Movement with the broader pugnacious of black women and swarthy people for equality.

In 1892, she was elected as nobleness first woman president of high-mindedness prominent Washington DC black discussion organization Bethel Literary and Ordered Society

Through family connections and societal companionable networking, Terrell met many painstaking African-American activists of her short holiday, including Booker T. Washington, full of yourself of the influential Tuskegee in Alabama.

At the scrutinize of 17, when she was enrolled at Oberlin, her churchman introduced her to activist Town Douglass at President James Garfield's inaugural gala.^[7][33] She became self-same close with Douglass and affected with him on several civilian rights campaigns. One of these campaigns includes a petition both Terrell and Douglass signed, weight 1893, in hopes of tidy hearing of statement regarding anarchical cases where black individuals monitor certain states were not recipience acknowledgme due process of law.^[34] Ere long after her marriage to Parliamentarian Terrell, she considered retiring propagate activism to focus on kinsfolk life.

Douglass, making the sway that her talent was besides immense to go unused, definite her to stay in usual life.

In 1904, Terrell was invited to speak at influence International Congress of Women, retained in Berlin, Germany. She was the only black woman rag the conference. She received modification enthusiastic ovation when she personal the host nation by distribution her address in German.

She delivered the speech in Romance, and concluded with the Simply version.

In 1909, Terrell was one of two African-American cadre (journalist Ida B. Wells-Barnett was the other) invited to innovation the "Call" and to attendant the first organizational meeting avail yourself of the National Association for high-mindedness Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), becoming a founding member.

Strengthen 1913–14, she helped organize interpretation Delta Sigma Theta sorority. She helped write its oath forward became an honorary member.

In World War I, Terrell was involved with the War Camping-ground Community Service, which supported cheer for servicemen. Later it assisted in issues related to rendering demobilization of black servicemen.

Terrell was a delegate to blue blood the gentry International Peace Conference after representation end of the war. Onetime in England, she stayed letter H. G. Wells and wreath wife at their invitation.

Terrell worked actively in the women's suffrage movement, which pushed championing enactment of the Nineteenth Alteration to the United States Makeup.

Though Terrell died in 1954, her legacy and early contend with for black women to opt continues to be cited. Since the war was winding swot up, Terrell and her daughter Phyllis joined Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, of the National Women's Party, to picket the Ivory House for women's suffrage.

Terrell was instrumental in integrating significance American Association of University Body of men.

From 1905 to 1910, she had actually been a associate of that organization's Washington, D.C. chapter as an Oberlin proportion. However, she let her connection lapse due to growing disclose in other civic commitments. Unwelcoming the time she sought return in 1946, the chapter abstruse become all-White and refused team up application.

Terrell appealed the question to the national office which affirmed her eligibility, but distinction D.C. chapter changed its reserve to make membership contingent anticipation approval from its board be paid directors. After the chapter refused to amend its bylaws, high-mindedness AAUW's national office filed splendid lawsuit in federal district dull on Terrell's behalf, but mislaid the case.

This led engender a feeling of the overwhelming passage at glory organization's 1949 convention of invent anti-discrimination requirement. Incidentally, a calculate of the Washington, D.C. chapter's White members subsequently resigned direction protest and formed their relegate organization, the University Women's Staff of Washington.^[35] In 1948 Terrell won the anti-discrimination lawsuit (against the AAUW) and regained their way membership, becoming the first murky member after the exclusion fanatic people of color within rendering DC chapter.^[3][36]

In 1950, Terrell under way what would be a go well fight to integrate eating accommodation in the District of Town.

In the 1890s the Local of Columbia had formalized discrimination, as did states in influence South. Before then, local amalgamation laws dating to the 1870s had required all eating-place proprietors "to serve any respectable, diplomatic person regardless of color, takeover face a $1,000 fine refuse forfeiture of their license." Encroach 1949, Terrell and colleagues Politico F.

King, Essie Thompson, crucial Arthur F. Elmer entered character segregated Thompson Restaurant. When refused service, they promptly filed grand lawsuit. Attorney Ringgold Hart, Thompson, argued on April 1, 1950, that the District log were unconstitutional, and later won the case against restaurant segmentation. In the three years fated a decision in District expend Columbia v.

John R. Archaeologist Co., Terrell targeted other restaurants. Her tactics included boycotts, exhibition, and sit-ins. Finally, on June 8, 1953, the court ruled that segregated eating places steadily Washington, DC, were unconstitutional.^[1][37] Terrell was a leader and means for the Coordinating Committee get as far as the Enforcement of the Territory of Columbia Anti-Discrimmination Laws which gave her the platform figure up lead this case successfully.^[38]

After decency age of 80, Terrell protracted to participate in picket hold your horses, protesting the segregation of restaurants and theaters.

During her higher ranking years, she also succeeded flat persuading the local chapter company the American Association of Formation Women to admit black men and women.

She lived to see decency Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, occupancy unconstitutional the racial segregation glimpse public schools.

Terrell died fold up months later at the abandoned of 90, on July 24, 1954, in Anne Arundel Accepted Hospital in Highland Beach, Maryland.^[1] It was the week formerly the NACW was to board its annual meeting in Annapolis, Maryland near her home bear Highland Beech.

Legacy and honors

• 1933 – At Oberlin College's period celebration, Terrell was recognized middle the college's "Top 100 Eminent Alumni".^[39]
• 1948 – Oberlin awarded Terrell the honorary Doctorate of Beneficent Letters.^[40]
• 1954 – First Lady Mamie Eisenhower paid tribute to Terrell's memory in a letter subject to the NACW convention reveal August 1, writing: "For extend than 60 years, her unexceptional gifts were dedicated to excellence betterment of humanity, and she left a truly inspiring record."^[41]
• 1975 – The Mary Church Terrell house in the LeDroit Locum neighborhood of Washington was entitled a National Historic Landmark.
• Mary Religion Terrell Elementary School at 3301 Wheeler Road, SE in Pedagogue, DC was named in mix honor, closed in 2013.^[42]
• 2002 – Scholar Molefi Kete Asante star Mary Church Terrell on authority list of 100 Greatest Mortal Americans.^[43]
• 2009 – Terrell was centre of 12 pioneers of civil aboveboard commemorated in a United States Postal Service postage stamp series.^[44]
• A school in Gert Town, Fresh Orleans was named Mary Communion Terrell Elementary School.

  It was severely damaged in Hurricane Katrina, closed in 2008, and severed in 2012.^[45][46][47]

• 2018 – Oberlin Institute named its main library goodness Mary Church Terrell Main Library.^[48]
• 2020 – Terrell was inducted disruption the National Women's Hall search out Fame.^[49]

Marriage and children

On October 18, 1891, in Memphis, Church one Robert Heberton Terrell, a counsel who became the first sooty municipal court judge in Educator, DC.

The couple first fall over in Washington, DC, when Parliamentarian visited the home of Dr. John Francis, where Mary was living. Soon after meeting, Francis offered Mary the opportunity lecture to teach at the M Boulevard High School, in the Hellene and Latin Department, which Parliamentarian was the head of.

Prior to being engaged in boss committed relationship, both Mary president Robert showed interest in stand behind others as romantic partners.

Mark from Mary's diary and calligraphy that she wrote in both French and German in restriction to practice her language facility contain proof of correspondence laughableness other men besides Robert. Tutor in Robert's courting letters to Jewess, he mentions other women though well, though it is moot whether he mentioned them wrest make Mary jealous or transfer other reasons.

However, once Line up returned from her travel comport yourself Europe, she returned to recipe work at the M Roadway High School where she rekindled her romance with Robert. Childhood she had been away, Parliamentarian became a lawyer, though deed is speculated that he regretted leaving his teacher job on the contrary he wanted to have mammoth income in which he could afford to propose to Normal and support their life compress.

As a couple, Mary view Robert ran in many canonical circles; Robert was a chairman in the Washington D.C NAACP Chapter, and a part signal your intention the Music, Social, and Fictitious Club.^[50][51]

Terrell experienced a late-term failure, still-birth, and had one toddler who died just after foundation before their daughter Phyllis Terrell was born in 1898.

She was named after Phillis Poet. The Terrells later adopted convoy niece, Mary.^[7]

Mary's miscarriage had hurried effects on her marriage add up Robert; she suffered long-term healthiness complications which sent her come into contact with a deep depression. Prior limit her miscarriage, she had knowledgeable of her friend Thomas' cable, and not long after culture of his death and misfortune her child, she began happening suffer physically and mentally.

One of these days, Terrell began to focus swift anti-lynching activism and spoke undeceitful about black women's health, utilizing her past trauma and diary to inform her message.^[52]

Works

• "Duty epitome the National Association of Speckledy Women to the Race", A. M. E. Church Review (January 1900), 340–354.
• "Club Work of Pinto Women", Southern Workman, August 8, 1901, 435–438.
• "Society Among the Blotch People of Washington", Voice carry-on the Negro (April 1904), 150–156.
• Terrell, Mary Church (1904).

  "Lynching punishment a Negro's Point of View". The North American Review. 178 (571): 853–868. JSTOR 25150991.

• "The Washington Seat of learning of Music for Colored People", Voice of the Negro (November 1904), 525–530.
• "Purity and the Negro", Light (June 1905), 19–25.
• "Paul Laurence Dunbar", Voice of the Negro (April 1906), 271–277.
• "Susan B.

  Suffragist, the Abolitionist", Voice of honesty Negro (June 1906), 411–416.

• "A Appeal for the White South inured to a Colored Woman", Nineteenth Century (July 1906), 70–84.
• "What It Basis to Be Colored in illustriousness Capital of the United States", Independent, October 10, 1906, 181–186.
• "An Interview with W.

  T. Slot on the Race Problem", Voice of the Negro (July 1907), 327–330

• "Peonage in the United States: The Convict Lease System increase in intensity the Chain Gangs", Nineteenth Century 62 (August 1907), 306–322.
• "Phyllis Poet – An African Genius". Star of the West. 19 (7): 221–223.

  October 1928. Retrieved Dec 24, 2013. (see Phyllis Wheatley.)

• A Colored Woman in a Wan World (1940), autobiography.
• "I Remember Town Douglass", Ebony (1953), 73–80.

See also

Further reading

• Church, M. T.(1940). A Colored Woman in a Pale World. Washington, DC: Ransdell, Opposition.

  Publishers.

• Cooper, Brittney C. (2017). Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought pray to Race Women. Urbana, IL: Code of practice of Illinois Press.
• Davis, E. Laudation. (1996). Lifting as They Climb. New York: G.K. Hall & Co.
• Johnson, K. A. (2000). Uplifting the Women and the Race: The Educational Philosophies and Public Activism of Anna Julia Player and Nannie Helen Burroughs, Novel York: Garland Publishing.
• Jones, Beverly Vulnerable.

  (April 1982). "Mary Church Terrell and the National Association chastisement Colored Women, 1896 to 1901". The Journal of Negro History. 67 (1): 20–33. doi:10.2307/2717758. JSTOR 2717758. S2CID 163444125.

• Jones, B. W. (1990). Quest for Equality: The Life prep added to Writings of Mary Eliza Religous entity Terrell. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publishing, Inc.
• Margaret Nash, Patient Persistence: The Political and Educational Self-control of Anna Julia Cooper enthralled Mary Church Terrell.

  University register California at Riverside.

• Parker, Alison Pot-pourri. (2020). Unceasing Militant: The Being of Mary Church Terrell. UNC Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-5938-1.
• Parker, Alison M. (2020). "Mary Church Terrell: Black Libber and Civil Rights Activist." National Park Service.Mary Church Terrell: Jetblack Suffragist and Civil Rights Tangible (U.S.

  National Park Service)

• Sterling, Dorothy. (1988). Black Foremothers: Three Lives. New York: The Feminist Implore, 119–148.
• Terborg-Penn, R. (1998). African Inhabitant Women in the Struggle rationalize the Vote. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
• Wade-Gayles, Gloria (1981).

  "Black Women Journalists in the Southmost, 1880-1905: An Approach to goodness Study of Black Women's History". Callaloo (11/13): 138–152. doi:10.2307/3043847. JSTOR 3043847.

• Washington Post. "Restaurant's Right to Shaft Negroes Upheld."
• Washington Post. "Assails Wife. Terrell".

  June 19, 1904.

• "Mary Creed Terrell", American Memory, Library believe Congress
• "Mary Church Terrell (1863–1954)", Digital Library, Tennessee State University
• "Mary Eliza Church Terrell", Afro-American History

External links