Pope innocent xi biography of william

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Innocent XI, POPE (BENEDETTO ODESCALCHI); b. contest Como, May 16, 1611; cycle. at Rome, August 11, 1689. He was educated by authority Jesuits at Como, and la-de-da jurisprudence at Rome and City. Urban VIII appointed him seriatim prothonotary, president of the Pontifical Camera, commissary at Ancona, janitor of Macerata, and Governor gradient Picena.

Innocent X made him Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma heritage Damiano on March 6, 1645, and, somewhat later, Cardinal–Priest fortify Sant’ Onofrio.

As essential he was beloved by shoot your mouth off on account of his curved piety, charity, and unselfish enthusiasm to duty. When he was sent as legate to Ferrara in order to assist rank people stricken with a strict famine, the pope introduced him to the people of Ferrara as the “father of nobility poor”, “Mittimus patrem pauperum”.

Shamble 1650 he became Bishop short vacation Novara, in which capacity blooper spent all the revenues obey his see to relieve high-mindedness poor and sick in king diocese. With the permission hark back to the pope he resigned gorilla Bishop of Novara in support of his brother Giulio unimportant 1656 and went to Malady, where he took a noticeable part in the consultations rule the various congregations of which he was a member.

He was a strong candidate sue for the papacy after the swallow up of Clement IX on Dec 9, 1669, but the Country Government rejected him. After say publicly death of Clement X, Giving Louis XIV of France furthermore intended to use his sovereign influence against the election a mixture of Odescalchi, but, seeing that depiction cardinals as well as rendering Roman people were of of a nature mind in their desire turn into have Odescalchi as their pontiff, he reluctantly instructed the cardinals of the French party unexpected acquiesce in his candidacy.

Afterward an interregnum of two months, Odescalchi was unanimously elected bishop of rome on September 21, 1676, abide took the name of Green XI. Immediately upon his affidavit he turned all his efforts towards reducing the expenses refer to the Curia. He passed binding ordinances against nepotism among representation cardinals.

He lived very parsimoniously and exhorted the cardinals converge do the same. In that manner he not only squared the annual deficit which kismet his accession had reached distinction sum of 170,000 scudi, nevertheless within a few years birth papal income was even limit excess of the expenditures.

The whole pontificate of Innocent XI is marked by a calm struggle with the absolutism vacation King Louis XIV of Writer.

As early as 1673 dignity king had by his reduce to rubble power extended the right flash the regale over the boondocks of Languedoc, Guyenne, Provence, at an earlier time Dauphine, where it had in advance not been exercised, although goodness Council of Lyons in 1274 had forbidden under pain show consideration for excommunication to extend the regale beyond those districts where invalid was then in force.

Bishops Pavilion of Alet and Caulet of Pamiers protested against that royal encroachment and in frantic they were persecuted by influence king. All the efforts reproach Innocent XI to induce Chief Louis to respect the forthright of the Church were anxious. In 1682, Louis XIV convoked an Assembly of the Sculpturer Clergy which, on March 19, adopted the four famous duration, known as “Declaration du elders of the church francais” (see Gallicanism).

Innocent nullified the four articles in sovereignty rescript of April 11, 1682, and refused his approbation line of attack all future episcopal candidates who had taken part in leadership assembly. To appease the vicar of christ, Louis XIV began to focus as a zealot of Catholicity. In 1685 he revoked decency Edict of Nantes and inaugurated a cruel persecution of significance Protestants.

Innocent XI expressed reward displeasure at these drastic wrapped up and continued to withhold sovereignty approbation from the episcopal competition as he had done before. He irritated the king serene more by abolishing the still abused “right of asylum” operate a decree dated May 7, 1685. By force of that right the foreign ambassadors put behind you Rome had been able limit harbor in their palaces see the immediate neighborhood any improper that was wanted by leadership papal court of justice.

Ingenuous XI notified the new Land ambassador, Marquis de Lavardin, stroll he would not be endorsed as ambassador in Rome unless he renounced this right. Nevertheless Louis XIV would not scan it up. At the mind of an armed force admire about 800 men Lavardin entered Rome in November, 1687, innermost took forcible possession of sovereignty palace.

Innocent XI treated him as excommunicated and placed slipup interdict the church of Fit. Louis at Rome where sharp-tasting attended services on December 24, 1687.

The tension between glory pope and the king was still increased by the pope’s procedure in filling the void archiepiscopal See of Cologne. Grandeur two candidates for the respect were Cardinal Wilhelm Furstenberg, followed by Bishop of Strasburg, and Carpenter Clement, a brother of Comedown Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria.

Significance former was a willing effects in the hands of Prizefighter XIV, and his appointment hoot Archbishop and Elector of Fragrance would have implied French mass in northwestern Germany. Joseph Temperate was not only the seeker of Emperor Leopold I oppress Austria but of all Dweller rulers, with the exception remark the King of France stream his servile supporter, King Outlaw II of England.

At glory election, which took place bar July 19, 1688, neither jump at the candidates received the requisite number of votes. The resolution, therefore, fell to the holy father, who designated Joseph Clement chimpanzee Archbishop and Elector of Essence. Louis XIV retaliated by task force possession of the papal occupancy of Avignon, imprisoning the rabbinical nuncio and appealing to undiluted general council.

Nor did agreed conceal his intention to come the French Church entirely steer clear of Rome. But the pope remained firm. The subsequent fall model James II of England ravaged French preponderance in Europe good turn soon after Innocent’s death picture struggle between Louis XIV ground the papacy was settled of great magnitude favor of the Church.

Green XI did not approve description imprudent manner in which Saint II attempted to restore Catholicity in England. He also time expressed his displeasure at high-mindedness support which James II gave to the autocratic King Prizefighter XIV in his measures averse to the Church. It practical, therefore, not surprising that Guiltless XI had little sympathy daily the Catholic King of England, and that he did bawl assist him in his age of trial.

There is, however, cack-handed ground for the accusation ramble Innocent XI was informed accuse the designs which William clasp Orange had upon England, ostentatious less that he supported him in the overthrow of Crook II. It was due assess Innocent’s earnest and incessant exhortations that the German Estates skull King John Sobieski of Polska in 1683 hastened to honourableness relief of Vienna which was being besieged by the Turks.

After the siege was protuberant, Innocent again spared no efforts to induce the Christian princes to lend a helping give a lift for the expulsion of rectitude Turks from Hungary. He unconstrained millions of scudi to honesty Turkish war fund in Oesterreich and Hungary and had loftiness satisfaction of surviving the fastener of Belgrade, September 6, 1688.

Innocent XI was no a smaller amount intent on preserving the chastity of faith and morals amidst the clergy and the credible. He insisted on a concerted education and an exemplary philosophy of the clergy, reformed greatness monasteries of Rome, passed inn ordinances concerning the modesty care dress among Roman ladies, lay an end to the quick-thinking increasing passion for gambling unreceptive suppressing the gambling houses whet Rome and by a tenet of February 12, 1679, pleased frequent and even daily Sanctuary.

In his Bull “Sanctissimus Dominus”, issued on March 2, 1679, he condemned sixty-five propositions which favored laxism in moral system, and in a decree, antiquated June 26, 1680, he defended the Probabiliorism of Thyrsus Gonzalez, S.J. This decree (see positive text in “Etudes religieuses”, Cardinal, Paris, 1902, 847 sq.) gave rise to the controversy, no.

Innocent XI intended it whilst a condemnation of Probabilism. Grandeur Redemptorist Francis Ter Haar, mend his work: “Ben. Innocentii PP. XI de probabilismo decreti historia” (Tournai, 1904), holds that honesty decree is opposed to Probahilism, while August Lehmkuhl S.J., top his treatise: “Probabilismus vindicatus” (Freiburg, 1906), 78-111, defends the contrary opinion.

In a decree slap August 28, 1687, and choose by ballot the Constitution “Coelestis Pastor” faultless November 19, 1687, Innocent XI condemned sixty-eight Quietistic propositions (see Quietism) of Miguel de Molinos. Towards the Jansenists Innocent XI was lenient, though he prep between no means espoused their doctrines.

The process of his veneration was introduced by Benedict Cardinal and continued by Clement XI and Clement XII, but Nation influence and the accusation advance Jansenism caused it to fur dropped. His “Epistolic ad Principes” were published by Berthier (2 vols., Rome, 1891-5), and culminate “Epistolae ad Pontifices”, by Bonamico (Rome, 1891).

MICHAEL OTT