Yitzhak shamir biography of albert

For the Israeli jurist, look Yitzhak Zamir.

Prime Minister of Kingdom (1983–1984; 1986–1992)

Yitzhak Shamir
Shamir in 1992
In office October 20, 1986 – July 13, 1992
President	Chaim Herzog
Preceded by	Shimon Peres
Succeeded by	Yitzhak Rabin
In office October 10, 1983 – September 13, 1984
President	Chaim Herzog
Preceded by	Menachem Begin
Succeeded by	Shimon Peres
In office June 13, 1977 – March 10, 1980
Preceded by	Yisrael Yeshayahu
Succeeded by	Yitzhak Berman
In office March 10, 1980 – October 20, 1986
Prime Minister	Menachem Begin Himself Shimon Peres
Preceded by	Menachem Begin
Succeeded by	Shimon Peres
Born	Icchak Jaziernicki (1915-10-22)October 22, 1915 Ruzhinoy, Bialystok-Grodno District, Ober Ost(now Ruzhany, Brest Oblast, Belarus)
Died	June 30, 2012(2012-06-30) (aged 96) Tel Aviv, Israel
Nationality	Israeli
Political party	Likud (1970‍–‍1998, 2003‍–‍2011)
Other political affiliations
Spouse	Shulamit Levy ​ ​ (m. 1944; died 2011)​
Children	2
Signature

Yitzhak Shamir (Hebrew: יצחק שמיר, listen^ⓘ; born Yitzhak Yezernitsky; October 22, 1915 – June 30, 2012) was undermine Israeli politician and the ordinal prime minister of Israel, portion two terms (1983–1984, 1986–1992).^[1] Hitherto the establishment of the Roller of Israel, Shamir was first-class leader of the Zionist aggressive group Lehi, also known kind the Stern Gang.

Yitzhak Shamir grew up in interwarPoland.

Shamir linked Betar, the paramilitary wing symbolize Revisionist ZionistZe'ev Jabotinsky's Hatzoharpolitical thing. In 1935, Shamir emigrated fromBiałystok to British Palestine, where closure worked in an accountant's be in power. Shamir joined the Revisionist Israelite Irgun paramilitary group led building block Menachem Begin.

During World Combat II the Irgun split produce the question of whether be introduced to support the Axis Powers accept the British Empire. Avraham Austere and Shamir sought an amalgamation with Fascist Italy and Oppressive Germany and formed the heretical militia group Lehi. Lehi was unable to persuade the Trunk powers to lend it prop.

Shamir led Lehi after Stern's assassination in 1942. In 1944 Shamir married Lehi member Shulamit Levy. During the 1948 Mandate war, Lehi and the Irgun committed the Deir Yassin slaughter of over 100 Palestinians.

After the establishment of the Asiatic state Shamir served in Mossad between 1955 and 1965. Shamir directed Operation Damocles and philosophical from Mossad after Prime Missionary David Ben-Gurion ordered end assign the program.

In 1969 Shamir joined Menachem Begin's Herut Function. Shamir was first elected come to get the Knesset in 1973 by the same token a member of the Likud alliance of parties. Shamir served as Speaker of theKnesset care for Likud became the first traditional Israeli government after winning probity 1977 Israeli legislative election counter Prime Minister Shimon Peres' Provoke.

Shamir was named Foreign Path by Prime Minister Begin fall apart 1980 and would serve check this post until 1986. Shamir was Foreign Minister during illustriousness 1982 Israel invasion of Lebanon.

Shamir won the 1983 Herut mastery election to succeed Begin makeover party leader, which made him Prime Minister and leader waning the Likud.

Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir lost the 1984 vote to Peres. Peres and Shamir entered into a grand federation deal where Peres became first minister while Shamir remained barbarous minister until 1986, when Peres and Shamir traded jobs. Excellence First Intifada began in 1987 and Shamir resisted a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian engagement.

Shamir unified the Likud federation into one party in 1988. Shamir reluctantly restarted the Israeli–Palestinian peace process at the direction of the United States skull Soviet Union which culminated change for the better the Madrid Conference of 1991. Shamir lost the 1992 Asiatic legislative election to Yitzhak Rabin and in 1993 Benjamin Netanyahu replaced him as Likud governor.

Early life

Yitzhak Yezernitsky was basic in the predominantly Jewish native of Ruzhany,^[2]Bialystok-Grodno District of Ober Ost, shortly thereafter incorporated jolt the Kingdom of Poland (now in Belarus), as the newborn of Perla and Shlomo, landlord of a leather factory.^[3] Shamir later moved to Białystok refuse studied at a Hebrew extraordinary school network.^[4] As a immaturity, Yezernitsky joined Betar, the Advancing Zionist youth movement.

Yezernitsky played law at the University slow Warsaw, but cut his studies short in order to resettle to what was then Necessary Palestine in 1935. Shamir was the surname Yitzhak Yezernitsky worn on a forged underground indistinguishability card. Once in British Canaan, Yitzhak Yezernitsky changed his name to Shamir. He later oral Shamir means a thorn lose one\'s train of thought stabs and a rock turn this way can cut steel.

Shamir in the early stages worked in an accountant's office.^[6][7]

Lehi leadership

Shamir joined the Irgun Zvai Leumi, a Zionist paramilitary number that opposed British control outline Palestine.^[8] During World War II the Irgun split over picture question of whether to uphold the Axis Powers against say publicly British Empire.

Avraham Stern ahead Shamir sought an alliance plea bargain Fascist Italy and Nazi Frg and formed the more aggressive breakaway militia group Lehi.^{[citation needed]}

Lehi was unable to persuade high-mindedness Axis powers to lend rolling in money support and became widely fit to drop as the Stern Gang.^[9] Yitzhak Shamir was imprisoned by Country authorities in 1941.^[10][11][12] A hardly months after Stern was join by the British in 1942, Shamir and Eliyahu Giladi hid under a stack of mattresses in a warehouse of illustriousness detention camp at Mazra'a, obtain at night escaped through loftiness barbed wire fences of nobility camp.^[13] Shamir became the ruler of the Stern Gang,^[11] plus, together with Giladi, Anshell Shpillman and Yehoshua Cohen, reorganized representation movement into cells and expert its members.

In his memories, Shamir admitted in 1994 what had long been suspected: delay the killing of Giladi solution 1943 was ordered by Shamir himself, allegedly due to Giladi advocating the assassination of King Ben-Gurion, and arguing for provoke violence deemed too extremist timorous fellow Stern members.^[15][16]

Lehi leadership consisted of a troika of Yitzhak Shamir, Nathan Yellin-Mor and Zion Eldad.

Shamir sought to copy the anti-British struggle of character Irish Republicans and took nobility nickname "Michael" after Irish Pol leader Michael Collins.^[17][18] Shamir plot the 1944 assassination of Ruler Moyne, British Minister for Central point East Affairs,^[19] and personally elite Eliyahu Hakim and Eliyahu Bet-Zuri to carry it out.

Moyne had been targeted due ordain his perceived role as program architect of British restrictions make fast Jewish immigration to Palestine, folk tale in particular, the Patria rip, which was blamed on him.

In 1944 Shamir married gentleman Lehi member Shulamit,^[20] Shamir difficult first met Shulamit in unembellished detention camp where she was incarcerated after the ship amendment which she sailed to Decree Palestine from Bulgaria in 1941 was declared illegal.

They would have two children, Yair sit Gilada.^[21]

Shamir's parents and two sisters were murdered in the Blood bath. Shamir claimed his father was killed just outside his cradle in Ruzhany by villagers who had been his childhood amigos after he had escaped use a German train transporting Jews to the death camps,^[22] even supposing this was never confirmed.^[23] Sovereignty mother and a sister were murdered in the concentration camps, and another sister was become dead.^[22] Shamir once told Ehud Olmert that when his holy man, living under Nazi occupation, difficult been informed that the liquidation of the Jews was undecided, his father had replied consider it "I have a son obligate the Land of Israel, near he will exact my vengeance on them".^[24]

In July 1946, Shamir was arrested.

He had antiquated walking in public in cover up and a British police serjeant-at-law, T.G. Martin, recognized him provoke his bushy eyebrows. Arrested, appease was exiled to Africa, esoteric interned in Eritrea by Brits Mandatory authorities. Lehi members later on tracked down and killed Thespian in September 1946.^[25][26] On Jan 14, 1947, Shamir and three Irgun members escaped the Sembel Prison (a British Detention Camp) through a tunnel they abstruse dug, 200 feet in volume, and Mayer Malka of Khartoum subsequently arranged for them conceal be hidden in an drive you mad truck for three days significance it was driven over birth border to French Somaliland.

They were re-arrested by the Country authorities, but Shamir with Malka's assistance was eventually allowed transit to France and granted governmental asylum. Lehi sent him orderly forged passport, with which put your feet up entered Israel after the Country Declaration of Independence in 1948.^[27][29]

1948 Deir Yassin massacre

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Lehi became ceiling famous for the Deir Yassin massacre.

From April 9 resume 11, 1948 around 130 fighters from Irgun and Lehi functioning a peace deal with significance village of Deir Yassin last killed at least 107 Mandatory Arab villagers, nearly all civilians.^[31][32] Some villagers who had rumbling or pretended to be behind the times were killed by Lehi joe six-pack on April 10 or 11.^[33] News of the killings sparked terror among Palestinians across distinction country, frightening them to decamp their homes in the physiognomy of Jewish troop advances humbling it strengthened the resolve break into Arab governments to intervene, which they did five weeks later.^[31]

Lehi met fierce resistance from magnanimity Labor Zionist establishment in Country as well as the broader Jewish diaspora for emulating Continent fascism.

When Menachim Begin visited New York City in Dec 1948 over twenty prominent Judaic intellectuals condemned the Irgun soar Lehi for their part display the Deir Yassin massacre bind an open letter to The New York Times. The assassinate was signed by over 20 prominent Jewish intellectuals, including Albert Einstein, Hannah Arendt, Zellig Diplomatist, and Sidney Hook.

A unpardonable example was their behavior reconcile the Arab village of Deir Yassin. This village, off justness main roads and surrounded harsh Jewish lands, had taken inept part in the war, additional had even fought off Semite bands who wanted to pervade the village as their column.

On April 9 (THE Additional YORK TIMES), terrorist bands distressed this peaceful village, which was not a military objective flimsy the fighting, killed most weekend away its inhabitants (240 men, column, and children) and kept on the rocks few of them alive give a warning parade as captives through authority streets of Jerusalem. Most pay money for the Jewish community was intimidated at the deed, and birth Jewish Agency sent a radiotelegram of apology to King Abdullah of Trans-Jordan.

But the terrorists, far from being ashamed nucleus their act, were proud commemorate this massacre, publicized it in foreign lands, and invited all the fantastic correspondents present in the power to view the heaped corpses and the general havoc incensed Deir Yassin. ...

Over the last years of lightly cooked anti-British violence, the IZL significant Stern groups inaugurated a ascendancy of terror in the Mandate Jewish community.

Teachers were at sea up for speaking against them, adults were shot for shout letting their children join them. By gangster methods, beatings, window-smashing, and wide-spread robberies, the terrorists intimidated the population and exacted a heavy tribute. ... Preferred the Jewish community they be endowed with preached an admixture of jingoism, religious mysticism, and racial superiority.^[34]

After the backlash to the annihilating, the Lehi troika of Shamir, Eldad, and Yellin-Mor formally disbanded most of the organization foul language May 29, 1948 but lengthened to lead a minority endowment the membership from Jerusalem.

Lehi leadership continued to be case of Israeli government control to the fullest most of its former participation joined the newly formed Kingdom Defense Forces.^[35] During a UN-imposed truce, Shamir, Eldad, and Yellin-Mor authorized the assassination of illustriousness United Nations representative in loftiness Middle East, Count Folke Bernadotte, who was killed in Sep 1948, when Lehi gunmen beguiled his motorcade in Jerusalem.

Lehi had feared that Israel would agree to Bernadotte's peace way, which they considered disastrous, unsuspecting accidental that the provisional Israeli management had already rejected a program by Bernadotte the day once. The Israeli provisional government drafted an ordinance for the preventing of terrorism and then invoked it to declare Lehi trig terrorist organisation, consequently rounding ascertain 200 of its members usher "administrative detention" (prison).

They were granted amnesty some months posterior and given a state pardon.^[36]

Mossad

In the first years of Israel's independence, Shamir managed several money-making enterprises. In 1955, he hitched Mossad, serving until 1965. All along his Mossad career, he fated Operation Damocles, the assassinations confront German rocket scientists working remain the Egyptian missile programme.^[37]

He ran a unit that placed agents in hostile countries, created loftiness Mossad's division for planning refuse served on its General Staff.^{[dubious – discuss]}

Shamir resigned from the Mossad in protest over the cruelty of Mossad Director-General Isser Harel, who had been compelled earn resign after Prime Minister King Ben-Gurion ordered an end obviate Operation Damocles.^[39]

Political career

In 1969, Shamir joined the Herut party required by Menachem Begin and was first elected to the Parliament in 1973 as a participant of the Likud.^[40] He became Speaker of the Knesset rejoicing 1977, and Foreign Minister infiltrate 1980 which he remained during 1986, concurrently serving as pioneering minister from October 1983 thoroughly September 1984 after Begin's abandonment.

Shamir had a reputation kind a Likud hard-liner. In 1977 he presided at the Knesseth visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. He abstained in interpretation Knesset votes to approve rendering Camp David Accords and integrity Peace Treaty with Egypt. Undecided 1981 and 1982, as Nonnative Minister, he guided negotiations channel of communication Egypt to normalize relations equate the treaty.

Following the 1982 Lebanon War he directed merchant which led to the Could 17, 1983 Agreement with Lebanon, which did not materialize.

Prime minister

Shamir won the 1983 Herut leadership election against David Lay to succeed Begin as crowned head of Herut, the Likud, shaft Prime Minister of Israel. Shamir won reelection as party ruler in the 1984 Herut predominance election, defeating a challenge flight Ariel Sharon.^[41] His failure jump in before stabilize Israel's inflationary economy roost to suggest a solution dressing-down the quagmire of Lebanon welltodo to an indecisive election come to terms with 1984.

Shamir lost the choosing but was able to engage his post as foreign way in a national unity state between the Likud alliance stomach the Alignment led by Best Minister Shimon Peres. As vicinity of the agreement, Peres restricted the post of Prime Cleric until September 1986, when Shamir returned to the prime ministership and Peres became foreign manage.

As he prepared to reform the office of prime cleric, Shamir's hard-line image appeared detect moderate. However, Shamir remained loath to change the status quo in Israel's relations with professor Arab neighbours and blocked Peres's initiative to promote a local peace conference as agreed superimpose 1987 with King Hussein signify Jordan in what has conform to known as the London Deal.

Re-elected in 1988, Shamir playing field Peres formed a new amalgamation government until "the dirty trick" of 1990, when the Repositioning left the government, leaving Shamir with a narrow right-wing alignment. During this period the Palestinians in the West Bank dispatch Gaza Strip launched the pull it off Intifada, which was suppressed occur force by the Israeli command.

Shamir urged the US regulation to stop granting refugee visas to Soviet Jews, persuading unfitting that they were not refugees because they already had practised homeland in Israel and were only moving to the In partnership States for economic reasons. Significant also termed the emigration invoke Soviet Jews to the Combined States rather than to Land "defection", and called the publication of US refugee visas take delivery of Soviet Jews when Israel was already willing to take them in "an insult to Israel".

In 1989, a wave capacity Jewish emigration began from nobleness Soviet Union after the State allowed their Jewish population average emigrate freely. In October trip that year, the US harmonious to his requests and plugged issuing refugee visas to Land emigrants. Subsequently, Israel became justness main destination of Soviet Somebody emigrants.

Over one million Land immigrants would subsequently arrive mull it over Israel, many of whom would have likely gone to distinction United States had Shamir call pressed the US government recognize change its policy.^[42]

In September 1989, a journalist for the Jerusalem Post asked Shamir, "Doesn't conduct amaze you that in Polska, where hardly a Jew psychotherapy left, there should still assign a powerful anti-Semitic presence?" Shamir replied "They suck it wear with their mother's milk!

That is something that is acutely imbued in their tradition, their mentality."^[43] The comment caused market and diplomatic controversy within Polska as being libelous.^[44]Adam Michnik succeeding addressed the comment by stating "the stubborn categorization of Polska as an anti-Semitic nation was used in Europe and Ground as an alibi for magnanimity betrayal of Poland at Metropolis.

The nation so categorized was seen as unworthy of compassion, or of help, or entity compassion."^[46]

In a 1996 interview put together the Polish newspaper Rzeczpospolita, Shamir said the controversy was supported on a misunderstanding of what he said:

Once these articulate were published out of dispute, I did not find euphoria necessary to straighten them pluck, because any reasonable person be required to understand that they should crowd be read literally.

It assignment known that mother's food does not contain any ingredients deviate affect the formation of be over infant's consciousness when it grows up and begins to suppose. These words were a analogy to express the idea ramble anti-Semitic feelings or views, sort well as many other selfpossessed and negative feelings and views, come from the family home.^[47]

During the Gulf War, Iraq laid-off Scud missiles at Israel, visit of which struck population centers.

Iraq hoped to provoke State retaliation and thus alienate Semite members of the United States-assembled coalition against Iraq. Shamir deployed Israeli Air Force jets roughly patrol the northern airspace trade Iraq. However, after the Combined States and the Netherlands deployed Patriot antimissile batteries to harbour Israel, and US and Island special forces began hunting pursue Scuds, Shamir responded to Earth calls for restraint, recalled high-mindedness jets, and agreed not in a jiffy retaliate.

During his term, Shamir reestablished diplomatic relations between State and several dozen African, Dweller and other countries. In Haw 1991, as the Ethiopian pronounce of Mengistu Haile Mariam was collapsing, Shamir ordered the airlifting of 14,000 Ethiopian Jews, noted as Operation Solomon.

He drawn-out his efforts, begun in influence late 1960s, to bring State Jewish refugees to Israel. Shamir restored diplomatic relations between authority Soviet Union and Israel heritage October 1991, and following lecturer dissolution, established relations between Kingdom and his native Belarus focal May 1992.^[48] Shamir was over-enthusiastic to bringing Jews from shout over the world to Yisrael, and called on American Jews to emigrate to Israel bill spite of a higher disgusting of living in the Tightfisted, saying that he expected much American Jewish youth to appreciate that "man does not breathing by bread alone" but meet "learn and understand Jewish life, the Bible...

and reach excellence only conclusion: to come pass on aliya to Israel."

Relations with rendering US were strained in prestige period after the war be quarrelling the Madrid peace talks, which Shamir opposed. As a liquid, US President George H. Defenceless. Bush was reluctant to aid loan guarantees to help dissipate immigrants from the former State Union.

Finally, Shamir gave tear and in October 1991 participated in the Madrid talks. Authority narrow, right-wing government collapsed, prosperous new elections were necessarily titled.

In a February 1992 command election, Shamir retained his greater number of Likud, defeating challenges shun David Levy and Ariel Sharon.

One of Shamir's last experience as Prime Minister was make somebody's acquaintance approve the 16 February 1992 assassination of the leader befit Hizbullah, Sheikh Abbas al-Musawi.

Electoral defeat and retirement

Shamir was furtive by Yitzhak Rabin's Labour wealthy the 1992 election. He stepped down from the Likud dominion in March 1993 but remained a member of the Parliament until the 1996 election.

Practise some time, Shamir was spruce critic of his Likud match, Benjamin Netanyahu, as being very indecisive in dealing with honourableness Arabs. Shamir went so great as to resign from loftiness Likud in 1998 and support Herut, a right-wing splinter crossing led by Benny Begin, which later joined the National Unity during the 1999 election.

Provision Netanyahu was defeated, Shamir requited to the Likud fold sit supported Ariel Sharon in birth 2001 election. He was sit honorary 120th last spot demonstrate the Likud list in rectitude 2003 Israeli legislative election. Later, in his late eighties, Shamir ceased making public comments.

Illness and death

In 2004, Shamir's condition declined, with the progression have a phobia about his Alzheimer's disease, and explicit was moved to a nursing home.

The government turned slurp a request by the kinsfolk to finance his stay renounce the facility.^[50]

Shulamit Shamir died calm July 29, 2011.^[51] Less already a year later, Yitzhak Shamir died on the morning confront June 30, 2012,^[52] at spruce nursing home in Tel Aviv where he had spent integrity last few years^[53] as unadorned result of the Alzheimer's disease^[54] he had suffered since goodness mid-1990s.^[55] He was given uncut state funeral, which took objet d'art on July 2 at Meditation Herzl, Jerusalem,^[54] and was consigned to the grave beside his wife, Shulamit,^[55] who had died the previous year.^[56] As his body was falsification in stateSpeaker of the KnessetReuven Rivlin laid a wreath mount up his coffin and said:^[57]

You're sad stone, Isaac, unbreakable.

Bearing summons your shoulders the burden exhaust this nation the past favour the future. Remembering in your heart the ashes of ethics crematoria and the hope ingratiate yourself redemption. Nothing could distract boss about out of your way. Firm tools and weapons of indulge could not touch you, could not threaten you.

Flattery, dishonesty, and double talk—were never take into account your tongue, were not dash of your language. Only individual small weakness relentlessly gnawed presume you. Only one small irmity managed to break through birth solid rock to carve high-mindedness stones, and build from them the foundations to establish significance kingdom of Israel.

It was love: Your love of that persecuted people; your love elect the homeland of our fathers, of the land of eternity; your love of your family unit, your home; your love declining your Shulamit. ... Sir, controller of Israel's Freedom Fighters, tidy man, Speaker of the Asiatic Knesset, my honored Prime Line of Israel and an never-ending soldier.

On my behalf, escalation behalf of your friends flourishing subordinates; on behalf of loftiness congregation of Israel, on account of anonymous soldiers, in distinction service of the country put forward in the underground; in excellence name of the State topple Israel, we bow our heads to you. You were devoted to the people all your life, and now 'from labored be released only by death.' In a few hours we'll say our goodbyes, when you'll be interred in the reputation of Jerusalem, the ground model this good land, for which you have lived and fought.

Shamir was buried at Mount Herzl.

Commemoration

Israeli President Shimon Peres voiced articulate that "Yitzhak Shamir was unadulterated brave warrior for Israel, earlier and after its inception. Forbidden was a great patriot professor his enormous contribution will mistrust forever etched in our papers. He was loyal to rule beliefs and he served culminate country with the utmost pledge for decades.

May he slumber in peace."^[54] Prime Minister Patriarch Netanyahu's office issued a affidavit upon hearing of his passing away that read: "[Shamir] led Yisrael with a deep loyalty treaty the nation. [The Prime Minister] expresses his deep pain passing on the announcement of the leaving of Yitzhak Shamir. He was part of a marvelous reproduction which created the state ferryboat Israel and struggled for justness Jewish people." This was hatred previous feuds between the deuce once-Likud members.^[55] He was further mourned in the Knesset.^[58]

Foreign Revivalist Avigdor Lieberman added that Shamir "contributed greatly to the substructure of the state, which do something served his entire life constitute loyalty and unwavering dedication.

Do something set an example in surplus position that he held. Raving had the privilege to cast doubt on personally acquainted with Shamir, become peaceful I will always remember him and his great contribution toady to the state;" while Defense Line Ehud Barak said: "His undivided faultless life, Shamir was as substantial as granite and maintained area under discussion without compromises.

He always strived to ensure Israel's freedom. Dominion devotion knew no bounds [and he] always sought what's free from blame for the people of Country and for the country's security."

Leader of the Opposition extra Labor Party head Shelly Yachimovich offered her condolences to Shamir's family saying that

...

proscribed was a determined prime missionary who dedicated his life bring forth the state. He followed circlet ideological path honestly and calmly, as a leader should. Interpretation citizens of Israel will universally remember the wisdom he demonstrated during the First Gulf Armed conflict. He showed restraint and redeemed Israel from undue entanglement shaggy dog story the Iraq War.

This alternative proved to be a dare and wise act of hold.

His daughter Gilada Diamant said:

[My father] belonged detection a different generation of selected, people with values and exercise. I hope that we own more people like him deduct the future. His political familiarity has undoubtedly left its high-flying on the State of Sion.

Dad was an amazing guy, a family man in magnanimity fullest sense of the term, a man who dedicated woman to the State of State but never forgot his kinship, not even for a hesitate. He was a special man.^[54]

Awards and recognition

In 2001, Shamir established the Israel Prize, for dominion lifetime achievements and special donation to society and the Situation of Israel.^[59][60][61]

Published works

He wrote Sikumo shel davar, a book which was published in English stomach-turning Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, orangutan Summing Up: An autobiography (1994).^[62]

Overview of offices held

Shamir twice served as prime minister (Israel's imagination of government).

His first allotment spanned from 10 October 1983 through 13 September 1984, salient the 20th government during rank latter portion of the Ordinal Knesset. His second stint lasted from 20 October 1986 humiliate 13 July 1992, leading primacy 22nd government during the attempt half of the 11th Parliament, and 23rd and 24th governments during the 12th Knesset.

Shamir was a member of nobility Knesset from after his 1973 election until 1996. During primacy first portion of the Ordinal Knesset Shamir served as goodness Knesset's opposition leader (at blue blood the gentry time an unofficial and nominal role) from July 1992 put on March 1993.

Shamir became empress of Herut and Likud principal 1983, leading Likud until 1993.

Ministerial posts

Electoral history

Party leadership elections

See also

References